Which of the following is an example of a theory-based ethical decision-making model?

Kitchener's ethical justification model is an example of a theory-based ethical decision-making model because it is grounded in ethical principles and theories that guide counselors in their decision-making process. This model emphasizes the importance of considering ethical theories, such as utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics, to justify decisions in various counseling scenarios. It helps practitioners systematically evaluate situations by reflecting on ethical principles and applying them to their practice, thus providing a structured framework for arriving at ethical conclusions.

In contrast, the other options represent different approaches. The regulatory compliance model focuses on adhering to laws and regulations rather than on ethical theories. Case-based reasoning emphasizes using previous cases to inform decisions, which may not directly align with ethical theories. The community standards model relies on the established norms and practices within a specific community, which can vary widely and may not necessarily be rooted in ethical theory.